Notice: The reproducibility variables underlying each score are classified using an automated LLM-based pipeline, validated against a manually labeled dataset. LLM-based classification introduces uncertainty and potential bias; scores should be interpreted as estimates. Full accuracy metrics and methodology are described in Coakley et alK. L. Coakley, T. Snelleman, H. Hoos, and O. E. Gundersen, "The embrace of open science: An analysis of a decade of AI research and 56 800 conference papers," Under Review, 2026..
Country Scores
Horizontal bar charts with 95% confidence interval error bars. Left: reproducibility scores. Right: documentation scores.
Reproducibility Score
Documentation Score
All Countries
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Mean reproducibility score across papers, weighted by fractional authorship, based on Gundersen et al. (2025). See Methods for details.
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Mean documentation score across papers, weighted by fractional authorship. See Methods for details.
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Paper count based on fractional authorship.
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Number of papers with at least one author from the country.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luxembourg | 0.69 | 4.6 | 27.03 | 48 |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.65 | 4.23 | 158.12 | 432 |
| Austria | 0.62 | 4.21 | 344.0 | 573 |
| Viet Nam | 0.63 | 4.18 | 63.46 | 126 |
| Korea, Republic of | 0.61 | 4.17 | 2012.49 | 2475 |
| Belgium | 0.59 | 4.13 | 256.9 | 418 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | 0.59 | 4.12 | 44.21 | 74 |
| Norway | 0.59 | 4.1 | 68.39 | 133 |
| Hong Kong | 0.58 | 4.09 | 1293.83 | 2835 |
| Netherlands, Kingdom of the | 0.62 | 4.07 | 660.91 | 1101 |
| Finland | 0.63 | 4.06 | 255.1 | 401 |
| Qatar | 0.63 | 4.06 | 12.4 | 37 |
| Germany | 0.62 | 4.05 | 2476.62 | 3696 |
| China | 0.58 | 4.01 | 17574.39 | 22955 |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.53 | 3.99 | 182.47 | 343 |
| Singapore | 0.57 | 3.98 | 1683.71 | 3321 |
| Sweden | 0.58 | 3.97 | 280.92 | 456 |
| Brazil | 0.53 | 3.96 | 89.96 | 158 |
| Denmark | 0.63 | 3.96 | 224.51 | 432 |
| Russian Federation | 0.64 | 3.96 | 220.82 | 314 |
| Macao | 0.61 | 3.94 | 56.44 | 146 |
| Italy | 0.56 | 3.93 | 669.12 | 1050 |
| Türkiye | 0.57 | 3.91 | 46.65 | 80 |
| New Zealand | 0.59 | 3.9 | 64.07 | 128 |
| Taiwan, Province of China | 0.58 | 3.9 | 254.0 | 361 |
| Australia | 0.55 | 3.89 | 1422.8 | 2743 |
| Switzerland | 0.58 | 3.88 | 1522.65 | 2424 |
| Canada | 0.57 | 3.86 | 2255.66 | 3794 |
| Japan | 0.51 | 3.84 | 1096.76 | 1663 |
| India | 0.54 | 3.83 | 723.0 | 1058 |
| Czechia | 0.46 | 3.82 | 91.21 | 159 |
| Spain | 0.55 | 3.82 | 209.74 | 377 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 0.57 | 3.82 | 3392.54 | 5772 |
| Greece | 0.51 | 3.77 | 63.63 | 106 |
| Ireland | 0.43 | 3.76 | 67.46 | 118 |
| United States of America | 0.52 | 3.69 | 22210.68 | 29923 |
| France | 0.51 | 3.65 | 1817.6 | 2666 |
| Portugal | 0.52 | 3.6 | 78.55 | 122 |
| Poland | 0.56 | 3.58 | 125.41 | 216 |
| Chile | 0.53 | 3.54 | 36.1 | 57 |
| Israel | 0.5 | 3.51 | 997.79 | 1432 |
| South Africa | 0.32 | 2.72 | 27.27 | 40 |